• Mixed Member Proportional; equal influence and assembly size 

      Stensholt, Eivind (Discussion paper;10/20, Working paper, 2020-08-31)
      With the present (2020) tally rules, the number of seats in the Bundestag is highly volatile. In 2017 it got 709 seats, 111 of them extra-ordinary. The tally rules may double the influence of a voter who splits the vote; ...
    • MMP-elections and the assembly size 

      Stensholt, Eivind (Discussion paper;15/19, Working paper, 2019-10-30)
      MMP (Mixed Member Proportional) elections for legislatures have ballots with one vote in a local single seat tally and one vote for a party list in a multi-seat tally. In Germany, the multi-seat tally occasionally violated ...
    • MMP-Elections: Equal Influence and Controlled Assembly Size 

      Stensholt, Eivind (Discussion paper;6/23, Working paper, 2023-05-31)
      In an MMP election (Mixed Member Proportional) of a legislature, a QP-ballot supports party Q in a single-seat constituency and a list of candidates from P. With ꙍ(j) constituency seats won and list support in z(Pj) ballots, ...
    • A model of deferred callability in defautable debt 

      Mjøs, Aksel; Persson, Svein-Arne (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2009-05)
    • Modeling an integrated market for sawlogs, pulpwood and forest bioenergy 

      Kong, Jiehong; Rönnqvist, Mikael; Frisk, Mikael (Discussion paper;2011:11, Working paper, 2011-06)
      Traditionally, most applications in the initial stage of forest supply chain deal with sawlogs to sawmills, pulpwood to pulp or paper mills and forest residues to heating plants. However, in the past decades, soaring ...
    • Modeling freight markets for coal 

      Andersson, Jonas; Jörnsten, Kurt; Strandenes, Siri Pettersen; Ubøe, Jan (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2008-12)
      In this paper we study bulk shipping of coal between the central regions in the world. We compare the performance of cost-minimizing models with a gravity model approach. The main nding in the paper is that cost minimizing ...
    • Modeling heterogeneity in trip-distributions with partial information 

      Jörnsten, Kurt; Kleppe, Gisle; Thorsen, Inge; Ubøe, Jan (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2007)
      In this paper we propose a modified gravity model that takes into account that a population generally consists of heterogeneous groups, and we suggest a new statistical test for heterogeneity. We apply our new model to two ...
    • Modeling international financial returns with a multivariate regime switching copula 

      Chollete, Lorán; Heinen, Andreas; Valdesogo, Alfonso (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2008-03)
      In order to capture observed asymmetric dependence in international financial returns, we construct a multivariate regime-switching model of copulas. We model dependence with one Gaussian and one canonical vine copula ...
    • Modeling the dynamics of regulated resource systems : a fishery example 

      Ussif, Al-Amin M. (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2000-06)
      In this paper we develop a discrete-time model of jointly managed fisheries. Most modern real world fisheries are shared or jointly exploited and are under some kind of regulation. The regulatory part of the fishery in ...
    • Modelling social welfare effects of relocation and road pricing 

      Babri, Sahar; McArthur, David Philip; Thorsen, Inge; Ubøe, Jan (Discussion paper;42/14, Working paper, 2014-12)
      Road pricing is a popular congestion reduction strategy. However, there may be wider impacts associated with a road toll. We consider a factor which is sometimes overlooked, namely that workers and rms may choose to ...
    • Monetary policy implementation: A European Perspective 

      Bindseil, Ulrich; Nyborg, Kjell G. (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2007-02)
      Monetary policy implementation is one of the most significant areas of interaction between central banking and financial markets. Historically, how this interaction takes place has been viewed as having an important impact ...
    • More is less : the tax effects of ignoring flow externalities 

      Sandal, Leif Kristoffer; Steinshamn, Stein Ivar; Grafton, R. Quentin (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2000-11)
      Using a model of nonlinear decay of the stock pollutant, and starting from the same initial conditions, the paper shows that a tax that only corrects for stock externalities can, at the steady state, be higher than a tax ...
    • Multi-Periodic Distributional-Robust Stackelberg Game with Price-History-Dependent Demand and Environmental Corrective Actions 

      Fakhrabadi, Mahnaz; Sandal, Leif K. (Discussion paper;13/23, Working paper, 2023-09-22)
      The paper investigates a multi-period supply channel facing uncertain and price-history dependent demands and environmental regulations. The knowledge about the demands is limited to its mean and standard deviation in each ...
    • Multinationals, minority ownership and tax-efficient financing structures 

      Schindler, Dirk; Schjelderup, Guttorm (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2008-10)
      We model how multinationals structure their borrowing and lending transactions and find that affiliates in high-tax countries have higher internal and overall debt ratios and lower rental rates of physical capital than ...
    • Multinationals, regulatory competition and outside options 

      Olsen, Trond E.; Osmundsen, Petter (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2003-12)
      Lower barriers to entry and developments in world capital markets have increased the actual and potential mobility of multinational enterprises. This poses challenges for host countries’ tax and regulation policies. The ...
    • Multinationals, tax competition and outside options 

      Olsen, Trond E.; Osmundsen, Petter (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2010-09)
      We analyse tax competition when a multinational firm has invested in two countries but also has an outside option, e.g., towards a third country. An interesting finding is that more attractive outside options for firms may ...
    • Name and shame? Evidence from the European Union tax haven blacklist 

      Polakova, Aija (Discussion paper;18/18, Working paper, 2018-12-14)
      I study publication of the European Union (EU) tax haven blacklist on December 5, 2017 to examine whether and how the use of recognized tax havens affects firm value. I find that the tax haven naming and shaming by the EU ...
    • The Nash bargaining solution vs. equilibrium in a reinsurance syndicate 

      Aase, Knut K. (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2008-05)
      We compare the Nash bargaining solution in a reinsurance syndicate to the competitive equilibrium allocation, focusing on uncertainty and risk aversion. Restricting attention to proportional reinsurance treaties, we find ...
    • Negative volatility and the survival of the western financial markets 

      Aase, Knut K. (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2004-01)
      The paper discusses situations where certain parameters are given values that are outside their natural ranges. One case is obtained when plugging in a negative value for the volatility parameter in the Black and Scholes ...
    • A new approach of fitting biomass dynamics models to real data based on a linear total allowable catch (TAC) rule : an optimal control approach 

      Ussif, Al-Amin M.; Sandal, Leif Kristoffer; Steinshamn, Stein Ivar (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2000-05)
      A non-traditional approach of fitting dynamic resource biomass models to data is developed in this paper. The adjoint technique is an optimal control or a variational method for parameter identification. It provides a novel ...