• Coordinate to obfuscate? The role of prior announcements of recommended prices 

      Foros, Øystein; Nguyen-Ones, Mai (Discussion paper;14/20, Working paper, 2020-11-18)
      Firms may want to coordinate industry-wide price jumps that are predictable for rivals, however, unpredictable for consumers. We show how such coordination is carried out in Norwegian gasoline retailing. Overnight, the ...
    • Coordination of limited commercial return 

      Bengtsson, Jens (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2005)
      This paper analyses coordination in a supply chain consisting of a supplier and a retailer, where the retailer has the opportunity to return products at midlife and end-of-life. The paper examines particularly the coordination ...
    • Corporate returns to subsidized R&D projects: Direct grants vs tax credit financing 

      Møen, Jarle (Discussion paper;9/18, Working paper, 2018-05-31)
      According to theory, direct R&D grants should be used for projects with low private returns, high social returns and high risk. R&D tax credits, on the other hand, allow firms to choose projects freely according to their ...
    • Cost allocation in collaborative forest transportation 

      Frisk, Mikael; Göthe-Lundgren, Maud; Jörnsten, Kurt; Rönnqvist, Mikael (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2006)
      Transportation planning is an important part of the wood flow chain in forestry. There are often several forest companies operating in the same region and co-ordination between two or more companies is rare. However, there ...
    • Cost efficiency analysis based on the DEA and StoNED models : case of Norwegian electricity distribution companies 

      Cheng, Xiaomei; Bjørndal, Endre; Bjørndal, Mette (Discussion papers;28/14, Working paper, 2014-06)
      Our paper applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) and stochastic non-parametric envelopment of data (StoNED) to measure cost efficiency of electricity distribution companies. The data cover 123 Norwegian electricity ...
    • The cost of multiple sclerosis in Norway – (and how certain can we be?) 

      Svendsen, Bjørn; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Nyland, Harald Inge; Aarseth, Jan Harald (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2006-08)
      The research question initially formulated for this study was to attempt to set a numerical target for the total yearly cost of MS to the Norwegian society, and relate the cost and patients´ experienced quality of life to ...
    • Costs and benefits of speculation 

      Lensberg, Terje; Schenk-Hoppé, Klaus Reiner; Ladley, Daniel (Discussion paper;2012:12, Working paper, 2012-10)
      We quantify the effects of financial regulation in an equilibrium model with delegated portfolio management. Fund managers trade stocks and bonds in an order-driven market, subject to transaction taxes and constraints ...
    • Country risk, country risk indices, and valuation of FDI : a real options approach 

      Nordal, Kjell Bjørn (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-03)
      Country risk and in particular political risk may constitute a large part of the total risk investors face when investing in emerging markets. It is not a straightforward task to quantify and include these types of risks ...
    • Crash risk in the Nordic Stock Market - a cross-sectional analysis 

      Fjærvik, Thomas (Discussion paper;5/23, Working paper, 2023-04-28)
      This paper takes the viewpoint of an investor that can invest in the Nordic countries Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland. The four markets are treated as one integrated market. In the analysis we investigate whether there ...
    • Creaming - and the depletion of resources: A Bayesian data analysis 

      Lillestøl, Jostein; Sinding-Larsen, Richard (Discussion paper;16/17, Working paper, 2017-11-16)
      This paper considers sampling in proportion to size from a partly unknown distribution. The applied context is the exploration for undiscovered resources, like oil accumulations in different deposits, where the most promising ...
    • Creating a National Champion: International Competition and Unbundling in Rail Transportation 

      Juranek, Steffen (Discussion paper;18/15, Working paper, 2015-04-10)
      This article investigates the incentives to unbundle operations and infrastructure in the railway industry in a two-country model with international network effects from the viewpoint of national governments. The analysis ...
    • Credit spreads and incomplete information 

      Lindset, Snorre; Lund, Arne-Christian; Persson, Svein-Arne (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2008-03)
      A new model is presented which produces credit spreads that do not converge to zero for short maturities. Our set-up includes incomplete, i.e., delayed and asymmetric information. When the financial market observes the ...
    • Credit supply shocks, financial constraints and investments for small and medium-sized firms 

      Hetland, Ove Rein; Mjøs, Aksel (Discussion paper;2012:11, Working paper, 2012-09)
      In this paper, we find that reduced credit supply reduces firm investments in our sample of small private firms. The effect is strongest for the least financially constrained firms. We use a representative survey of ...
    • Crime and punishment: When tougher antitrust enforcement leads to higher overcharge 

      Jensen, Sissel; Kvaløy, Ola; Olsen, Trond E.; Sørgard, Lars (Discussion paper;05/13, Working paper, 2013-05)
      The economics of crime and punishment postulates that higher punishment leads to lower crime levels, or less severe crime. It is how- ever hard to get empirical support for this rather intuitive relationship. This paper ...
    • Data assimilation into biomass dynamics models : a Monte Carlo simulation experiment 

      Ussif, Al-Amin M.; Sandal, Leif Kristoffer; Steinshamn, Stein Ivar; Morey, Steven L. (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001)
      In this paper, we use a variational data assimilation method to fit biomass dynamics models to simulated data. The method is the variational adjoint technique in which a cost function measuring the distance between the ...
    • Dead battery? Wind power, the spot market, and hydro power interaction in the Nordic electricity market 

      Mauritzen, Johannes (Discussion paper;2011:16, Working paper, 2011-09)
      It is well established within both the economics and power system engineering literature that hydro power can act as a complement to large amounts of intermittent energy. In particular, hydro power can act as a "battery" ...
    • The defeasance of control rights 

      Bienz, Carsten; Fluck, Zsuzsanna; Faure-Grimaud, Antoine (Discussion pape, Working paper, 2011-01)
    • The demand attributes of assurance services and the role of independent accountants 

      Eilifsen, Aasmund; Knechel, W. Robert; Wallage, Philip; Praag, Bart van (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2004)
      Several initiatives and auditors’ professional organizations have argued that assurance about the quality of information, processes, or compliance encompasses the future market base for the accounting profession. However, ...
    • Design and pricing of equity-linked life insurance under stochastic interest rates 

      Bacinello, Anna Rita; Persson, Svein-Arne (Discussion paper, Working paper, 1998-11)
      A valuation model for equity-linked life insurance contracts incorporating stochastic interest rates is presented. Our model generalizes some previous pricing results based on deterministic interest rates. Moreover, a ...
    • A disaggregated gravity model 

      Gitlesen, Jens Petter; Jörnsten, Kurt (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2000)
      The gravity model is used to estimate trip distributions. The estimates are in form of trip frequencies. This study is devoted to an entropy problem where the solution decomposes trip frequencies to the underlying probability ...