• Coal transport demand in Western Europe and Japan : impacts of energy market liberalisation and climate policy 

      Golombek, Rolf; Kittelsen, Sverre A.C.; Mæstad, Ottar (Working Paper, Working paper, 2005-12)
      Europe and Japan are among the main importers of coal. Climate policies following the Kyoto agreement are creating pressure to substitute away from coal and turn to less emission intensive energy sources. At the same time, ...
    • Tax shifting in long-term gas sales contracts 

      Asche, Frank; Osmundsen, Petter; Tveterås, Ragnar (Working paper, Working paper, 2002-01)
      Producers or consumers faced with an increase in taxes are usually able to shift parts of it to other levels in the value chain. We examine who are actually bearing the burden of increased taxes on natural gas in the EU-area ...