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dc.contributor.advisorDøskeland, Trond M.
dc.contributor.authorSkolt, Hanna
dc.contributor.authorWelde, Andrea
dc.date.accessioned2020-02-27T11:49:16Z
dc.date.available2020-02-27T11:49:16Z
dc.date.issued2019
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/2644158
dc.description.abstractThe purpose of this paper is to examine the exclusion effect on excluded stocks’ cost of equity capital. We study the effect by examining European and US tobacco stocks before and after 2010, relative to chosen comparable companies. Our findings suggest that exclusions of tobacco companies can have a significant direct effect on the cost of equity. The direct effect can be explained by Merton’s market segmentation model, and a premium for “boycotted” stocks. Exclusionary investing creates a segmented market, which reduces the demand for the excluded stocks, causing limited risk-sharing and restricted diversification opportunities for investors. Thus, investors will require a risk premium for holding excluded stocks, implying a higher cost of equity for excluded stocks. Additionally, we study coal companies to examine the effects and implications of excluding fossil fuel companies. Our results indicate that the exclusions of coal companies have no significant direct effect on the cost of equity. These findings could imply that there is not a sufficient number of investors who have excluded coal stocks. The coal industry has been the primary focus for exclusions within the fossil fuel industry. Hence, the direct exclusion effect of oil and gas companies on their cost of equity will likely be limited.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.subjectfinanceen_US
dc.titleThe exclusionary effect on the cost of equity : an empirical study of the direct exclusion effect on tobacco companies’ and fossil fuel companies’ cost of equityen_US
dc.typeMaster thesisen_US
dc.description.localcodenhhmasen_US


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