• Competition and compatibility among Internet service providers 

      Foros, Øystein; Hansen, Bjørn (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-03)
      We consider a two-stage game between two competing Internet service providers(ISPs). The firms offer access to the Internet. Access is assumed to be vertically and horizontally differentiated. Our model exhibits network ...
    • Markets for public and private health care : redistribution arguments for a mixed system 

      Schroyen, Fred; Marchand, Maurice (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-04)
      Should health care provision be public, private, or both? We look at this question in a setting where people differ in their earnings capacity and express an inelastic demand for health care. We assume that illness reduces ...
    • Formula apportionment and transfer pricing under oligopolistic competition 

      Nielsen, Søren Bo; Raimondos-Møller, Pascalis; Schjelderup, Guttorm (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-05)
      This paper demonstrates that under conditions of imperfect (oligopolistic) competition, a transition from separate accounting (SA) to formula apportionment (FA) does not eliminate the problem of profit shifting via ...
    • On the significance of pre-existing distortions for the costs of environmental regulation 

      Mathiesen, Lars; Håkonsen, Lars (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-05)
      Recently, several papers have shown that environmental taxes are more costly in an economy with preexisting distortions than in an undistorted economy. This result applies for equal percent reductions from different ...
    • Do firms really share rents with their workers? 

      Margolis, David N.; Salvanes, Kjell Gunnar (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-05)
      We use matched firm - worker panel data from France and Norway to consider observationally equivalent alternatives to the hypothesis that firms share product market rents with their workers in the form of higher wages. ...
    • Tax spillovers under separate accounting and formula apportionment 

      Nielsen, Søren Bo; Raimondos-Møller, Pascalis; Schjelderup, Guttorm (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-05)
      It is observed in the real world that taxes matter for location decisions and that multinationals shift profits by transfer pricing. The US and Canada use Formula Apportionment (FA) to tax corporate income, and the EU ...
    • Economies of scale in European manufacturing revisited 

      Henriksen, Espen R.; Midelfart, Karen Helene; Steen, Frode (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-06)
      We test for internal and external economies of scale in European manufacturing employing a more disaggregated data set than what has been used in earlier analyses, and aim to separate externalities from common business ...
    • Industrial clusters : equilibrium, welfare, and policy 

      Norman, Victor D.; Venables, Anthony J. (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-08)
      This paper studies the size and number of industrial clusters that will arise in a multi-country world in which one sector has a propensity to cluster because of increasing returns to scale. It compares the equilibrium ...
    • Any non-welfarist method of policy assessment violates the Pareto principle : a comment 

      Fleurbaey, Marc; Tungodden, Bertil (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-09)
    • The value of equality 

      Tungodden, Bertil (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-09)
      Over the years, egalitarian philosophers have made some challenging claims about the nature of egalitarianism. They have argued that the Rawlsian leximin principle is not an egalitarian idea; that egalitarian reasoning ...
    • Responsibility and reward 

      Cappelen, Alexander W.; Tungodden, Bertil (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-09)
      It is not straightforward to define the ethics of responsibility in cases where the consequences of factors under our control are partly affected by factors outside our control. One way to approach this issue is to ask ...
    • Relative wages and trade-induced changes in technology 

      Midelfart, Karen Helene; Ekholm, Karolina (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-09)
      We develop a model where trade liberalization leads to skill-biased technological change, which in turn raises the relative return to skilled labor. When firms get access to a larger market, the relative profitability of ...
    • Designing social security : a portfolio choice approach 

      Matsen, Egil; Thøgersen, Øystein (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-10)
      Public social security systems may provide diversification of risks to individuals’ life-time income. Capturing that a pay-as-you-go program (paygo) may be considered as a “quasiasset”, we study the optimal size of the ...
    • Two-part tariffs with partial unbundling 

      Jensen, Sissel (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-10)
      The paper explores second degree price discrimination in a multidimensional good context. There are two types of consumers with demand described by a two-dimensional vector, a quantity dimension and a service attribute ...
    • Infrastructure and industrial location : a dual technology approach 

      Bjorvatn, Kjetil (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-10)
      The paper investigates how differences in infrastructure quality may affect industrial location between countries. Employing a dualtechnology model, the main result of the paper is the somewhat surprising conclusion ...
    • On the profitability of cross-border mergers 

      Bjorvatn, Kjetil (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-10)
      A horizontal merger is unlikely to be profitable unless it involves the large majority of firms in an industry. This well established result was developed by Salant et al (1983) in a closed economy setting. The present ...
    • Commodity market integration 1850 - 1913 : evidence from Britain and Germany 

      Klovland, Jan Tore (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-10)
      In a sample that contains annual prices of 39 selected commodities in Britain and Germany in the period 1850 to 1913 substantial evidence of well integrated commodity markets is found. The degree of integration is not ...
    • A balanced view of development as freedom 

      Tungodden, Bertil (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-10)
      Amartya Sen, in his most recent book Development as Freedom, argues that expansion of human freedom should both be viewed as the primary end and the principle means of development. This paper provides an overview and a ...
    • Two-part tariffs, consumer heterogeneity and Cournot competition 

      Jensen, Sissel; Sørgard, Lars (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-10)
      We analyze two-part tariffs in oligopoly, where each firm commits to a certain quantity. The model is an extension of the one introduced in Har (2001). We show that their main results are reversed when the model is extended ...
    • Endogenous product differentiation in credit markets : what do borrowers pay for? 

      Kim, Moshe; Kristiansen, Eirik Gaard; Vale, Bent (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2001-11)
      This paper studies strategies pursued by banks in order to differentiate their services from those of their rivals. In that way competition among banks is softened. More specifically we analyze if the bank size, the ...