Browsing Discussion papers (SAM) by Author "Toivanen, Otto"

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    • Anatomy of cartel contracts 

      Hyytinen, Ari; Steen, Frode; Toivanen, Otto (Discussion paper;25/2012, Working paper, 2012-12)
      We study cartel contracts using data on 18 contract clauses of 109 legal Finnish manufacturing cartels. One third of the clauses relate to raising profits; the others deal with instability through incentive compatibility, ...

    • Cartels uncovered 

      Steen, Frode; Toivanen, Otto; Hyytinen, Ari (Discussion paper, Working paper, 2010-03)
      How many cartels are there? The answer is important in assessing the efficiency of competition policy. We present a Hidden Markov Model that answers the question, taking into account that often we do not know whether a ...