• Batteries in offshore support vessels – Pollution, climate impact and economics 

      Lindstad, Haakon Elizabeth; Eskeland, Gunnar; Rialland, Agathe Isabelle (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016)
      This paper assesses the pros and the cons of installing batteries on offshore support vessels. These vessels are specially designed to provide services to oil and gas operations, such as anchor handling, supply and subsea ...
    • Environmental regulations in shipping: Policies leaning towards globalization of scrubbers deserve scrutiny 

      Lindstad, Haakon Elizabeth; Eskeland, Gunnar (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2016)
      ABSTRACT Emission regulations for Sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are motivated by health- and other environmental objectives in local and regional settings, while global warming concerns motivate policies ...
    • Europe's climate goals and the electricity sector 

      Eskeland, Gunnar; Rive, Nathan Appleton; Mideksa, Torben Kenea (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2012)
      EU's objective of attaining 20% reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 is analysed with a general equilibrium model detailing electricity generation technologies and capital vintaging. Consistent with theory and ...
    • Maritime Shipping and Emissions: A three-layered, damage based approach 

      Lindstad, Haakon; Eskeland, Gunnar; Psaraftis, Harilaos; Sandaas, Inge; Strømman, Anders Hammer (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2015)
      Policy emphasis in ship design must be shifted away from global and idealized towards regional based and realistic vessel operating conditions. The present approach to reducing shipping emissions through technical standards ...
    • Sulphur Abatement Globally in Maritime Shipping 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Rehn, Carl Fredrik; Eskeland, Gunnar (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2017)
      In 2016, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) decided on global regulations to reduce sulphur emissions to air from maritime shipping starting 2020. The regulation implies that ships can continue to use residual ...
    • The global potential for carbon capture and storage from forestry 

      Ni, Yuanming; Eskeland, Gunnar; Giske, Jarl; Hansen, Jan Petter (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2016)
      Discussions about limiting anthropogenic emissions of CO2 often focus on transition to renewable energy sources and on carbon capture and storage (CCS) of CO2. The potential contributions from forests, forest products and ...
    • The Need to Amend IMO’s EEDI to Include a Threshold for Performance in Waves (Realistic Sea Conditions) to Achieve the Desired GHG Reductions 

      Lindstad, Elizabeth; Borgen, Henning; Eskeland, Gunnar; Paalson, Christopher; Psaraftis, Harialos; Turan, Osman (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2019)
      The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has established the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) as the most important policy measure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shipping. A vessel’s EEDI is based ...